X(X) indicates battle(s). b. indicates birth. d. indicates death. c. (circa) means approximately. fl. (floruit) means active around this time. MSS means manuscripts. Aqua is an aqueduct of Rome, Fossa a canal, Pons a bridge.

Date BC Military Technology Political Science Other
500   Eupalinos' tunnel, 1km long; Eretria jetty 700m long, 20m deep. Ionian Revolt (499-94 BC) Herakleitos fl.; Skulax fl.; b.Anaxagoras d. Pythagoras
495   Anchor with flukes     b. Sophokles (496)
490 Persians invade Greece; X Marathon Shear-leg cranes in common use   d. Hekataios; b. Zeno of Elea Aiskhulos' Suppliants (492)
485   Silver bonanza at Laurion     b. Herodotos (484)
480 Persians invade Greece; Carthaginians invade Sicily. XX Artemision, Thermopylae, Salamis, Himera Athos canal completed (481); prosthetics made   Agatharkhos fl. Parmenides fl.; d. Xenophanes;  Anaxagoras at Athens  
475         Bacchylides fl.
470       b. Sokrates (469) Aiskhulos' Persians (472) Seven against Thebes (467)
465 X Eurymedon (467)     b. Theodoros  Meteorite fell near Aegospotami; earthquake in Sparta (464)
460   Linear perspective for stage scenery Ephialtes' reforms (461) Demokedes fl. b. Thucydides; b. Lusias (458); Aiskhulos' Oresteia (458)
455       Philolaos fl b. Aristophanes (457); d. Aiskhulos
450       Alkmaion fl.; Archelaos fl.  
445   Parthenon begun (447)   Empedokles fl.; b. Antisthenes d. Pindar (446); Sophokles' Ajax (447)
440   Indirect lost wax process for casting bronze     b. Andokides (440); Sophokles' Antigone (442) 
435       Leukippos fl. b. Isokrates (436)
430 Start of Peloponnesian War (431)     d.Perikles (plague) (429) Meton's calendar scheme adopted in Athens (432); d.Anaxagoras  (428); b. Plato (428) Solar eclipse 3 Aug 431; Euripides' Medea; Plague in Athens; Sophokles' Oidipous Rex (430); b. Xenophon
425  Thucydides loses Amphipolis to Brasidas (424); tried; writes History of the Peloponnesian War in exile The winch used to reduce broken limbs; Thebans use a flame-thrower at X Delium   d. Zeno of Elea; Hippokrates of Cos fl. Antiphon fl; Hippokrates of Khios fl.; Euktemon fl. Solar eclipse 21 March 425; d. Herodotos. Aristophanes' Acharnians (425) Knights (424) Clouds (423)
420       Cult of Asklepios introduced at Athens Aristophanes' Wasps (422) Peace (421); b. Isaios (420)
415 Sicilian expedition (415-3); Athenian siege of Syrakuse (414)   Mutilation of the Herms and Profanation of the Eleusinian Mysteries b. Theaitetos Aristophanes' Birds (414); Sophokles' Elektra (c.415) Women of Trachis (413)
410   Cranes on ships (D.S. 13.78-9) Oligarchic regimes at Athens (411) Demokritos fl.; b. Eudoxos (408); b. Speusippos (408) d. Antiphon (411). Aristophanes' Lysistrata (411) Thesmophoriazusai (411); Sophokles' Philoktetes and Oidipous at Kolonus (409)
405 X Arginousai (406); Athenian defeat in P. War (404) Complex pebble mosaics (Olynthus) Trial of the Generals (406). 30 Tyrants at Athens (404) Ekphantos fl. d. Euripides (406); d. Sophokles (406); Aristophanes' Frogs (405)
400 Expedition of the 10,000 First crossbow (gastraphetes, belly-bow) at Syrakuse Restoration of democracy at Athens (403) b. Diogenes; Ktesias fl. d.Sokrates (execution, 399) Winter of 400/399 seven feet of snow fell on Rome (Dio.Hal. 12.8).
395     Accession of Amyntas III (393) b. Xenokrates (396) b. Aiskhines (393)
390 Korinthian war (395-86)     b. Herakleides Aristophanes' Ekklesiazusai (392);  d.Andokides (390); b. Lukourgos (390); b. Hyperides (389); Aristophanes' Wealth (388)
385 Gauls sack Rome (387) Some foods available out of season; hairpieces (Aristophanes fr. 898 Edm.) b. Demosthenes (384) Academy founded (386). Gorgias fl.;  b.Aristotle (384) d. Aristophanes; b.Demosthenes (384)
380       Leodamas fl.; Thumaridas fl. d. Lusias (380)
375       Archutas fl. b. Theopompos (377); Helike (Akhaia) destroyed by earthquake (373) W
370 X Leuktra (371)     b. Theophrastos (371); d.Theaitetos (369)  
365       Aristotle joins the Academy (367)  
360     Accession of Philip II  (359) d. Demokritos (361) b. Dinarkhos (360)
355 Philip defeats Pudna, Poteidaia, Illyrians, Paeonians (356) Onomarkhos uses stone-throwing machines in the field against Philip (353). Burnt brick first used in Greece, but unreliable (Vit. 2.8.19) b. Alexander (356) d. Eudoxos  
350 Third Sacred War (356-46) Development of siege machines by Philip. Aineias Taktikos On the defence of a besieged city   Mago of Carthage fl.; Kallippos fl. Aristoxenos fl.; b. Megasthenes d. Isaios (350)
345   Hopper-rubbers developed   d. Plato (347); Speusippus becomes scholarch of Academy Aiskhines Against Timarkhos (345)
340 X Khaironeia (338); Philip controls Greece fl. Poluidos; Torsion catapult used (338) Philip forms League of Greek States at Korinth; Lukourgos controls Athens' finances b. Epikouros (341); b. Praxagoras; d.Speusippus (339);  Xenokrates becomes scholarch of Academy b. Menander (342); Isokrates' Panathenaicus (339). d.Isokrates (338)