The Greeks in the West

1. Significant features
   1. Exploration and Colonization
      1. in the 8th to 5th cc. (Dorian and Ionian colonies).
      2. Later arrivals
      3. Economic incentives. Emporion (= modern Rosas/Ampurias ESHAG Doc 47read this one!-49; )
         1. Land for cereals (ESHAG 80, 81, 83, 85)
         2. Fish
         3. Trade routes :raw metal, metal manufactures, armor, pottery, ceramics or contents?
2. Conflicts:
   1. Greek and natives
   2. Greeks and Carthaginians. Access to the western Mediterranean
   3. Greeks and Italians / Etruscans
3. Stasis: Readiness of Greeks to invite outsiders (i.e., more distant rivals) to gain advantage over neighbors (i.e., close rivals)
   1. Polis: Land, citizenship and oligarchy
      1. Relationship between original setters with best land to later arrivals
      2. Dorian trend toward oligarchy vs. Ionian toward more inclusion and democratic forms. Fluctuations between limited oligarchy, tyranny and limited democracy. That is, how many or who could vote and bear arms. In duress more armed, but then demanded vote.
      3. Culture: great cultural achievement. Wonderful temples, great philosophers and teachers (= Sophists including Gorgias and Protagoras; Pythagoras, etc.); . Paestum. Agrigento;
   2. Warlords, tyrants and stasis
      1. As in mainland, warfare increasing fought be mercenaries, often organized in bands under mercenary captains.
      2. Many succeeded in making themselves tyrants.
      3. Classical problem: raising standard of living allows more people to bear arms and train in militia. As they fight for state, they demand role in key decisions (to go to war).
      4. Oligarchs very competitive with one another; defeated oligarch turns to militia for support.
      5. Under guise of allowing democratic institutions, controls the state with body-guard, fortress, lavish displays and victories.
4. Significance:
   1. The western cities did become wealthy, in some cases fabulously so. And tho we may not now think of southern Italy and Sicily as 'wealthy' today, they were major exporters of food and manufactures in the ancient world.
   2. though wealthy, the governments were unstable
   3. Culturally at a high level, not only in temple building, but also in literature, philosophy and science. Pythagorean model of the cosmos; theorem. More after the midterm.
   4. Urbanization and civilization transferred from Greece to the west; the history of Europe might be quite different if the Carthaginians (instead of the Greeks) had extended their legacy to Italy and to Rome.
5. The Narrative: from the 7th century to the Carthaginian Invasion in 480.

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