Musculature of Ankle, Foot and Toes

 

 

***Adapted from UO Human Anatomy Lab 1 312 by Susan Verscheure and Geoffrey Smith

 Netter's Atlas of Anatomy

 Color Atlas of Human Anatomy

 All Netter drawings provided by http://www.netterimages.com/

Starkey, Chad and Ryan Jeff. Evaluation of Orthopedic and Athletic Injuries. Philadelphia: F.A Davis Company, 2002. Pg. 91 and 140-145.

 

 

Muscles of Lower Leg and Ankle
    The muscles of the lower leg are divided into four compartments:
  1. Anterior Compartment
  2. Lateral Compartment
  3. Superficial Posterior Compartment
  4. Deep Posterior Compartment
                              
Source
                                                                
Anterior Compartment

Muscle

Action

Origin

Insertion

Innervation
Tibialis Anterior Dorsiflexion and Inversion of ankle Lateral Condyle, proximal 2/3s of the tibia and interosseous membrane Inferior surface of medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal Deep Peroneal
Extensor Hallucis Longus Dorsiflexion of ankle and extension of  1st MTP  (metatarsophalangeal) and IP (interphalangeal) joints Anteriomedial shaft of fibula and interosseous membrane Dorsal surface of distant phalanx of 1st digit Deep Peroneal
Extensor Digitorum Longus Dorsiflexion of ankle, extension of 2-5 MTP, and extension of 2-5 IP joints Lateral condyle of Tibia, proximal 3/4 anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane Dorsal surface of phalanges 2-5 (on the expansion hood) Deep Peroneal
Peroneus Tertius Dorsiflexion and eversion of the ankle Distal third of the anterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane Dorsal surface of the 5th metatarsal Deep Peroneal
Lateral Compartment

Muscle

Action

Origin

Insertion

Innervation
Peroneus Longus Plantar flexion and eversion of the ankle Head and proximal 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula Ventral surface of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform Superficial Peroneal
Peroneus Brevis Plantar flexion and eversion of ankle Distal 2/3s of fibula Proximal end of 5th metatarsal Superficial Peroneal

Superficial Posterior Compartment

Muscle

Action

Origin

Insertion

Innervation
Gastrocnemius Knee flexion and plantar flexion of the ankle

Medial Head: Medial condyle of femur

Lateral Head: Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur

 Calcaneus via achilles tendon
Tibial
Soleus 
Plantar flexion of the ankle Posterior surface of proximal fibula, middle 1/3 of tibia and interosseous membrane
Calcaneus via achilles tendon
Tibial
Plantaris Knee flexion and plantar flexion of the ankle
Posterior surface of the femur superior to the lateral condyle
Calcaneus via the achilles tendon
Tibial

Deep Posterior Compartment

Muscle

Action

Origin

Insertion

Innervation
Tibialis Posterior Plantar flexion and inversion of the ankle Posterior surface of the tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, and metatarsals 2-4 Tibial
Flexor Digitorum Longus Flexion of 2-5 MTP and IP joints Posterior surface of tibia Distal Phalanx of digits 2-5 Tibial
Flexor Hallucis longus Flexion of 1st MTP and IP joints Distal 2/3s of fibula and interosseous membrane Tendon passes under the foot  and goes to the distal phalanx of the 1st digit Tibial

 

Source                                                                                                         

                                                                                                                           

 

 

 

Muscles of Foot and Toes

    There are two groups of muscles that act on the foot and toes: intrinsic and extrinsic.  The intrinsic muscles of the foot originate on the bones of the foot and produce direct movement of the foot and toes.  The intrinsic group is subdivided into four layers: superficial layer, middle layer, deep layer, and interosseous layer.  The extrinsic muscles do not originate at the foot but higher up the leg, at the lower leg or the distal end of the femur.  The movement produced by this group of muscles occurs at the talocrural joint, knee joint and at the foot and toes.

 

 

 

                 

 

 Source

 

 

Dorsal Foot

Muscle

Action

Origin

Insertion

Innervation
Extensor Digitorum Brevis Extension of 1-4 MTP and IP joints Anterior and lateral calcaneus and inferior extensor retinaculum Base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit  and lateral sides of extensor digitorum longus tendons to toes 2-4 Deep Peroneal
Extensor Hallucis Brevis Extension of 1st toe MTP and IP joints Superior surface of anterior calcaneus Proximal phalanx of 1st toe Deep Peroneal

 

 Plantar Foot: 1st Layer

Muscle

Action

Origin

Insertion

Innervation
Abductor Hallucis Abduction and flexion of 1st toe Calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis
Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st toe Medial Plantar
Flexor Digitorum Brevis Flexion of MTP and proximal IP joints for digits 2-5
Calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis
Sides of middle phalanges digits 2-5
Medial Plantar
Abductor Digiti Minimi Abduction and flexion of 5th toe Calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis Lateral sides of proximal phalanx of 5th toe Lateral Plantar

 

Plantar Foot: 2nd Layer

Muscle

Action

Origin

Insertion

Innervation
Quadratus Plantae Straightens line of pull of flexor digitorum longus

Medial Head: medial surface of calcaneus

Lateral head: lateral border of inferior surface of calcaneus

 Lateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus Lateral Plantar
Lumbricals Flexion of 2-5 MTP joints Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Dorsal surfaces of proximal phalanges of digits 2-5

Medial Plantar for 2 and Lateral Plantar for 3-5

 

 

Plantar Foot: 3rd Layer

Muscle

Action

Origin

Insertion

Innervation
Flexor Hallucis Brevis Flexion of 1st MTP joint Cuboid and lateral cuneiform Medial and lateral sides of base of first proximal phalanx Medial Plantar
Adductor Hallucis Weak adduction of 1st toe

Transverse Head: Ligaments of 3-5th metatarsal heads

Oblique head: 2-4 metatarsals and tendon of peroneus longus

 Lateral side of bases of first proximal phalanx Lateral Plantar
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Flexion of 5th toe MTP joint Base of 5th metatarsal and tendon of peroneus longus Lateral side of base of 5th proximal phalanx Lateral Plantar

 

Plantar Foot: 4th Layer

Muscle

Action

Origin

Insertion

Innervation
Dorsal Interosseous Abduction of digits 3 and 4 from 2nd digit Adjacent sides of metatarsals Bases of proximal phalanges Lateral Plantar
Plantar Interosseous Adduction of digits 3-5 towards 2nd digit Bases of medial sides of 3-5 metatarsals Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of the same toes Lateral Plantar

 

 

 


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  • Recent comments:
    Lucy Yeo:Ok now I'm done! I felt like the page needed a little more organization, so I rearranged the muscles to be listed in the compartments in which they are located on the lower leg and foot. I also added some text to describe the groups of muscles.
    Lucy Yeo:I'M NOT DONE YET! I just need to go do something!
    Sarah Kuppenbender:I added a few picture because I thought it would be good to have a few showing just a few structures, rather than all of them, for clarity. The sources were: Human 3D premier edition, software and www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Notes/default.htm
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