World War, Carnage, Occupation, Genocide
1. The Course of Battle
2. The Eastern Front
3. Casualties
4. The Impact on Civilians (I): Occupation Policies
5. The Impact on Civilians (II): Genocide
6. The Impact on Civilians (III): Mass Flight and Expulsions
map: World War II in Europe
The original can be found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_28_643.gif
1939 September 1: Nazi invasion of Poland, war begins
“Blitzkrieg” =
lightning war
•military technology: war of movement (not trench
warfare)
•psychological impact: demoralize civilians ("the Blitz," phony war)
•logistics: Nazis faced raw materials shortages
1940 May-June: Germany defeats and occupies norther France
1941 June 22: Hitler declares war on USSR (“Operation Barbarossa”)
the western front:
Allied landings in west: Italy (1943), Normandy (1944)
Churchill: Italy as the "soft underbelly" of the crocodile
the eastern front:
Wehrmacht (Germany) vs. Red Army (USSR)
siege of Leningrad (St. Petersburg)
battle of Stalingrad (ends 1943): turning point on the eastern front
and
in the war
"the great patriotic war"
1945 May: Soviet entry into Berlin; German surrender on May 8 after Hitler's suicide
Nazi racial visions of Europe (“New Europe”)
collaboration
resistance
Vichy regime (France)
Marcel Ophuls, "The Sorrow and the Pity" (1969)
map: Nazi Europe at its height (1942)
The original can be found at:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Second_world_war_europe_1941-1942_map_de.png/654px-Second_world_war_europe_1941-1942_map_de.png
map: divided
and occupied France
The original can be found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH579.jpg
Raphael Lemkin (Polish jurist): legal definition of genocide:
“acts committed with the intent to destroy,
in
whole
or in
part,
a national,
ethnic, racial, or religious group”
UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948)
genocide against Armenians during World War I
the Holocaust (Hebrew: Shoah)
Jews, Sinti and Roma (“gypsies”), “asocials,” Russian
prisoners of war
systematic destruction of peoples of Eastern Europe
mass killings behind the battle front
Wannsee Conference (January 1942): "the final solution"
concentration camps>>>extermination camps
industrialized mass murder
Auschwitz, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, Maidanek
Zyklon B gas (IG Farben chemical company)
The original can be found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_28_647.gif
map: European
migration after World War II
The original can be found at:
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH605.jpg
borders and nationalities in East Central Europe:
after World War I: redraw borders to fit populations;
after World War II: move populations and borders.
Isaiah Berlin: "the worst century there has been"