Complete List of Publications of the Bradshaw-Holzapfel Lab

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Life-history evolution
Photoperiodism and seasonal development
Protandry and male fitness
Population biology
Island biogeography
Mosquito biology

Life-history evolution

Armbruster, P., Bradshaw, W. E., Ruegg, K., and Holzapfel, C. 2001. Geographic variation and the evolution of reproductive allocation in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Evolution 55:439-444. [pdf]

Armbruster, P., Bradshaw, W. E., Steiner, A. L., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1999. Evolutionary response to environmental stress by the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Heredity 83:509-519. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W. E., Armbruster, P. A., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1998. Fitness consequences of hibernal diapause in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Ecology 79:1458-1462. [pdf]

Pfrender, M., Bradshaw, W. E., and Kleckner, C. A. 1998. Patterns in the geographical range sizes of ectotherms in North America. Oecologia 115:439-444. [pdf]

Armbruster, P., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1997. Evolution of the genetic architecture underlying fitness in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Evolution 51:451-458. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1996. Genetic constraints to life-history evolution in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Evolution 50:1176-1181.

Bradshaw, W. E., Holzapfel, C. M., and O'Neill, T. 1993. Egg size and reproductive allocationin the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. J. Med. Entomol. 30:384-390.

Hard, J. J., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1993. Genetic coordination of demography and phenology in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. J. Evol. Biol. 6:707-723.

Hard, J. J., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1992. Reproductive allocation in the western tree-hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis. Oikos 66:55-65.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1990. Present and future insect life-cycle evolution. Pp. 243-251 in F. Gilbert, ed., Insect Life Cycles: Genetics, Evolution, and Coordination. Springer-Verlag, London.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1990. Evolution of phenology and demography in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Pp. 47-67 in F. Gilbert, ed. Insect Life Cycles: Genetics, Evolution, and Coordination. Spring-Verlag, London.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1990. Life-historical consequences of density-dependent selection in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Am. Nat.133:869-887.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1986. Pervasive themes in insect life-cycle strategies. Pp. 261-275 in F. Taylor and R. Karban, eds. The Evolution of Insect Life Cycles. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1983. Life-cycle strategies in Wyeomyia smithii: Seasonal and geographic adaptations. Pp169-187 in Brown, V. K., and I. Hodek, eds. Diapause and Life Cycle Strategies in Insects. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1980. Blood feeding and capacity for increase in the pitcher-plant mosquito,Wyeomyia smithii. Environ. Entol. 9:86-89.

Photoperiodism and seasonal development

Emerson, K.J., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2008. Concordance of the circadian clock with the environment is necessary to maximize fitness in natural popualtions. Evolution 62(4):979 - 983. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2008. Evolution of animal photoperiodism. Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 38:1 - 35. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2008. Genetic response to rapid climate change: it's seasonal timing that matters. Molecular Ecology 17(1):157 - 166. [doi - open access from Blackwell-Synergy]

Mathias, D.M., Jacky, L., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2007. Quantitative trait loci associated with photoperiodic response and stage of diapause in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Genetics 176:391 - 402. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W.E. and Holzapfel, C.M. 2006. Climate change - Evolutionary response to rapid climate change. Science 312 (5779): 1477 - 1478. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W.E., Holzapfel, C.M., and Mathias, D. 2006. Circadian rhythmicity and photoperioidism in the pitcher-plant mosquito: Can the seasonal timer evolve independently of hte circadian clock? The American Naturalist 167(4): 601 - 605. [pdf]

Mathias, D., Reed, L.K., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holazapfel, C.M. 2006. Evolutionary divergence of circadian and photoperiodic phenotypes in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Journal of Biological Rhythms 21(2): 132 - 139. [pdf]

Mathias, D.A., Jacky, L., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2005. Geographic and developmental variation in expression of the circadian rhythm gene, timeless, in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Journal of Insect Physiology 51:661 - 667. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W.E., Haggerty B.P., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2005. Epistasis underlying a fitness trait within a natural population of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Genetics 169:485-488. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W.E., Zani, P.A., and Holzapfel, C.M 2004. Adaptation to temperate climates. Evolution 58(8):1748 - 1762. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W. E., Quebodeaux, M. C., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2003. The contribution of an hourglass timer to the evolution of photoperiodic response in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Evolution 57(10):2342-2349. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W.E., Quebodeaux, M.C., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2003. Circadian rhythmicity and photoperiodism in the pitcher-plant mosquito: Adaptive rsponse to the photic environment or correlated response to climatic adaptation? The American Naturalist 161:735-748. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2001. Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 98:14509-14511. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2001. Phenotypic evolution and the genetic architecture underlying photoperiodic time measurement. J. Insect. Physiol. 47:809-820. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W. E., Holzapfel, C. M., and Davison, T. E. 1998. Hourglass and rhythmic components of photoperiodic time measurement in the pitcher plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Oecologia 117:486-495. [pdf]

Lair, K. P., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1997. Evolutionary divergence of the genetic architecture underlying photoperiodism in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Genetics 147:1873-1883. [pdf]

Wegis, M. C., Bradshaw, W. E., Davison, T. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1997. Rhythmic components of photoperiodic time measurement in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Oecologia 110:32-39. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W. E. 1994. Evolution in seasonal environments. Pp. 121-133 in M. Takeda and S. Tanaka, eds. Seasonal Adaptation and Diapause in Insects. Sogo-Bunichi, Ltd., Tokyo. [in Japanese]

Hard, J. J., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1993. The genetic basis of photoperiodism and evolutionary divergence among populations of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Am. Nat. 142:457-473.

Campbell, M. D., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1992. Genetic coordination of diapause in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 85:445-451.

Hard, J. J., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1992. Epistasis and the genetic divergence of photoperiodism between populations of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Genetics 131:389-396.

Holzapfel, C. M., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1981. Geography of larval dormancy in the tree-hole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus (Say). Can. J. Zool. 59:1014-1021.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1980. Thermoperiodism and the thermal environment of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Oecologia 46:13-17.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Phillips, D. L. 1980. Photoperiodism and the photic environment of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Oecologia 44:311-316.

Jordan, R. G. 1980. Geographic differentiation in the development of Aedes sierrensis (Diptera:Culicidae) in nature. Can. Entomol. 112:205-210.

Jordan, R. G. 1980. Embryonic diapause in three populations of the western hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 73:357-359.

Jordan, R. G., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1978. Geographic variation in the photoperiodic response of the western tree-hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 71:487-490.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Lounibos, L. P. 1977. Evolution of dormancy and its photoperiodic control in pitcher-plant mosquitoes. Evolution 31:546-567.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1977. Interaction between photoperiod, temperature, and chilling in dormant tree-hole mosquito, Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coq.). Biol. Bull. 152:147-158.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1976. Geography of photoperiodic response in a diapausing mosquito. Nature 262:384-386.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1975. Tree-hole mosquitoes: Photoperiodic control of development in northern Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coq.). Can. J. Zool. 53:889-893.

Lounibos, L. P., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1975. A second diapause in Wyeomyia smithii: seasonal incidence and maintenance by photoperiod. Can. J. Zool. 53:215-221.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1974. Photoperiodic control of development in Chaoborus americanus with special reference to photoperiodic action spectra. Biol. Bull. 146:11-19.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1974. Phenology and seasonality modeling in insects. Pp. 127-137 in H. Lieth, ed. Phenology and Seasonality Modeling. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1973. Photoperiodism in Orthopodomyia signifera. Can. J. Zool. 51:355-357.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1973. Homeostasis and polymorphism in vernal development of Chaoborus americanus. Ecology 54:1247-1259.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1972. Action spectra for photoperiodic response in a diapausing mosquito. Science 172:1361-1362.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Lounibos, L. P. 1972. Photoperiodic control of development in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Can. J. Zool. 50:713-719.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1972. Photoperiodic control in the initiation of diapause by Chaoborus americanus. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 65:776-756.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1970. Interaction of food and photoperiod in the termination of larval diapause in Chaoborus americanus (Diptera: Culicidae). Biol. Bull. 139:476-484.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1969. Major environmental factors inducing the termination of larval diapause in Chaoborus americanus Johannsen (Diptera: Culicidae). Biol. Bull. 139:2-8.

Protandry and male fitness

Holzapfel, C. M., and Bradshaw, W. E. 2002. Protandry: the relationship between emergence time and male fitness in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Ecology 83:607-611. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W. E., Holzapfel, C. M., Kleckner, C. A., and Hard, J. J. 1997. Heritability of development time and protandry in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Ecology 78:969-976. [pdf]

Kleckner, C., Hawley, W. A., Bradshaw, W. E., Holzapfel, C. M., and Fisher, I. J. 1995. Protandry in Aedes sierrensis: The significance of temporal variation in female fecundity. Ecology 76:1242-2250. [pdf]

Benjamin, S. N., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1994. Effects of body size and flight activity on malereproductive success in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 87:331-336.

Benjamin, S. N., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1993. Male reproductive success in Wyeomyia smithii (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 86:594-598.

Population biology

Bergland, A.O., Agotsch, M, Mathias, D., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C. 2005. Factors influencing the seasonal life history of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Ecological Entomology 30(2):129 - 137. [pdf]

Zani, P.A., Swanson, S.E.T., Corbin D., Cohnstaedt, L.W., Agotsch, M.D., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C.M. 2005. Geographic variation in tolerance of transient thermal stress in the mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Ecology 86:1206 - 1211. [pdf]

Zani, P.A., Cohntaedt, L.W., Corbin, D., Bradshaw, W.E., and Holzapfel, C. 2005. Reproductive value in a complex life cycle: heat tolerance of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18(1):101 - 105. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W.E., Zani, P.A., and Holzapfel, C.M 2004. Adaptation to temperate climates. Evolution 58(8):1748 - 1762. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W. E., Fujiyama, S., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2000. Adaptation to the thermal climate of North America by the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Ecology 81:1262-1272. [pdf]

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 2000. The evolution of genetic architectures and the divergence of natural populations. Pp. 245-263 in J. Wolf, E. D. Brodie, and M. Wade, eds. Epistasis and the Evolutionary Process. Oxford University Press. [pdf]

Macia, A., and Bradshaw, W. E. 2000. Seasonal availability of resources and habitat degradation for the western tree-hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis. Oecologia 125:55-65.

Armbruster, P. A., Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1998. Effects of postglacial range expansion on allozyme and quantitative genetic variation in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Evolution 52:1697-1704. [pdf]

Broberg, L., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1995. Density-dependent development in Wyeomyia smithii (Diptera: Culicidae): Intraspecific competition is not the result of interference. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 88:465-470.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Johnson, K. 1995. Initiation of metamorphosis in the pitcher-plant mosquito: Effects of larval growth history. Ecology 76:2055-2065.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1992. Reproductive consequences of density-dependent size variation in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 85:274-281.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1992. Resource limitation, habitat segregation, and species interaction of British tree-hole mosquitoes in nature. Oecologia 90:227-237.

Broadie, K. S., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1991. Mechanisms of interference competition in the western tree-hole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis. Ecol. Entomol. 16:145-154.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M., 1991. Fitness and habitat segregation of British tree-hole mosquitoes. Ecol. Entomol. 16:133-144.

Fisher, I. J., Bradshaw, W. E., and Kammeyer, C. 1990. Fitness and its correlates assessed by and interspecific interactions among tree-hole mosquitoes. J. Anim. Ecol. 59:819-829.

Hard, J. J., Bradshaw, W. E., and Malarkey, D. J., 1989. Resource- and density-dependent development in tree-hole mosquitoes. Oikos 54:137-144.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1988. Drought and the organization of tree-hole mosquito communities. Oecologia 74:507-514.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1986. Geography of density-dependent selection in pitcher-plant mosquitoes. Pp. 48-65 in F. Taylor and R. Karban, eds. The Evolution of Insect Life Cycles. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1986. Habitat segregation among tree-hole mosquitoes. Nat. Geogr. Res. 2:167-178.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1985. The distribution and abundance of tree-hole mosquitoes in eastern North America: Perspectives from north Florida. Pp. 3-23 in J. R. Rey, L. P. Lounibos, and J. H. Frank, eds. Ecology of Mosquitoes: Proceedings of a Workshop. Florida Medical Entomology Laboratories, Vero Beach, FL.

Hawley, W. A. 1985. Population dynamics of Aedes sierrensis. Pp. 167-184 in J. R. Rey, L. P. Lounibos, and J. H. Frank, eds. Ecology of Mosquitoes: Proceedings of a Workshop. Florida Medical Entomology Laboratories, Vero Beach, FL.

Hawley, W.A. 1985. A high fecundity Aedine: factors affecting egg production of the western treehole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 22:220-225.

Hawley, W.A. 1985. The effect of larval density on adult longevity of a mosquito, Aedes sierrensis: epidemiological consequences. J. Anim. Ecol. 54:955-964.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Creelman, R. 1984. Mutualism between the carnivorous purple pitcher plant and its inhabitants. Amer. Midl. Nat. 112: 294-304.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1984. Seasonal development of tree-hole mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and chaoborids in relation to weather and predation. J. Med. Entomol. 21:66-78.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1983 Predator-mediated, equilibrium coexistence of tree-hole mosquitoes in southeastern North America. Oecologia (Berlin) 57: 239-256.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1983. Interaction between the mosquito Wyeomyia smithii, the midge, Metriocnemus knabi, and their carnivorous host Sarracenia purpurea. Pp. 161-189 in J. H. Frank and L. P. Lounibos, eds. Phytotelmata: Terrestrial Plants as Hosts for Aquatic Insect Communities. Plexus Publishing, Medford, NJ.

Island biogeography

Lems, K., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1974. Flora of the Canary Islands: the Cruciferae, the Crassulaceae, and the ferns and their allies. Ann. INIA/Ser.: Prod. Veg./N.4. 1974:165- 273.

Holzapfel, C. M. 1972. Evolution in the Canary Islands III. Two new Arminda (Orthoptera: Catantopinae) from the Canary Islands, with notes on the Arminda bruneri complex on Tenerife. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 662:1-16.

Holzapfel, C. M., and Cantrall, I. J. 1972. Evolution in the Canary Islands IV. The genus Calliphona (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 663:1-22.

Lems, K., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1971. Adaptation of growth form in Echium leucophaeum (Boraginaceae). Ecology 52:499- 506.

Lems, K., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1971. Botanical notes on the Canary Islands VI. The Echium decaisnei complex. Bol. Inst. Nac. Invest. Agron. Madrid (1): 189-196.

Lems, K., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1968. Evolution in the Canary Islands I. Phylogenetic relations in the genus Echium (Boraginaceae) as shown by trichome development. Bot. Gaz. 129:95-107.

Lems, K., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1968. Evolution in the Canary Islands II. Revision of the annual and biennial species of Echium (Boraginaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 95:37-57.

Mosquito biology

Broberg, L. E., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1996. Lambornella clarki (Ciliophora: Tetrahymenidae) resistance in Aedes sierrensis: Population differentiation in a quantitative trait and allozyme loci. J. Med. Entomol. 34:38-45.

Bradshaw, W. E., and Holzapfel, C. M. 1991. Life in a deathtrap. Natural History July:34-36.

Kleckner, C., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1991. Giemsa stain as a marker in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Assoc. 7:654-656.

Bradshaw, W. E. 1983. Estimating biomass of mosquito populations. Environ. Entomol. 12:779-781.

Holzapfel, C. M., and Bradshaw, W. E. 1976. Rearing of Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (Diptera: Culicidae) from Florida and Pennsylvania with nodiapause and pupal development. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 69:1062-1064.