Style Guidelines

InterNationality uses University of Chicago Press Staff. 2003. The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed, Chicago: University of Chicago Press (referred to hereafter as Chicago) as its principal guide. For specific questions concerning grammar and word usage, please consult Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition. For convenience, the following guidelines are for frequently encountered questions. In cases where the style sheet and Chicago are at odds, InterNationality’s style takes precedence.

General Formatting:

Articles should use parenthetical references in the body of the article with a properly formatted list of references cited.
Articles should indent the first line of each paragraph .5 inches.
Headings of all subsections of the article should be in ‘Arial,’ 16 pt font, double-spaced.
Subheadings should be in ‘Arial,’ 14pt font, small caps, double-spaced.
Further subheadings should be distinguished from normal text and other headings.

Font:

The text of the body of the article is ‘Times New Roman,’ 12 pt font, double-spaced.

When emphasis is indicated, use italics rather than bold print. The use of italics should be restricted to a single word or short phrases, not entire sentences. For more information on the use of italics see below.

Dates and Years:

Journal style is “September 11, 2001.” Do not use a comma between month and year.

Example:
September 2001.

When text follows the year, use a comma.

Example:
On November 4, 2008, there will be an election.

When referring to a span of years, repeat all of the numerals.

Example:
1939–1945 Do not use 1939-45. Use an en-dash to denote a span of numbers. The difference between en-dashes and em-dashes are explained below.

Centuries are spelled out (twentieth century); decades are given in numerals.

Example:
1950s, not the fifties or 50s.

Punctuation:

In a series of three or more items, use a comma before “and.”

Example: “life, liberty, and happiness.”

In a quotation, enclose a comma, period, question mark, etc. within the quotation marks.

Example:
“You know what?” Bob said. “This class requires too much reading.”
Semicolons and colons follow the quotation mark.

All punctuation marks should appear in the same font—roman or italic—as the main or surrounding text, except for punctuation that belongs to a title or an exclamation in a different font.

Examples:
Roger played the title role in Hamlet, Macbeth, and King Lear; after his final performance, during which many in the audience leapt to their feet, he announced his retirement.

Many editors admire Wired Style: it is both elegant and easy to use.

The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal.

He is the author of The Criminals of Lima and Their Worlds: The Prison Experience, 1850-1935.

Numbers:

Whole numbers from one through ninety-nine are spelled out. When appropriate, numbers should be hyphenated. If a sentence has two numbers or more, and one is greater than 100 and one is less, do not spell out the number that is less. Consistency matters.

Examples:
The town had only two drive-in movie theaters.
The four candidates were required to gain support in forty-nine districts.
There are 435 members of the U.S. House representing the states.

Percentages are expressed as words rather than the symbol “%” as in “67 percent.”
Spell out numerals that come at the beginning of a sentence even if they would otherwise be in numerals. The entire sentence can be rearranged to avoid this.

Example: Two thousand people showed up for the President’s rally.

Money:

In text, the amount of money is spelled out (e.g. five) with the word specifying the currency is also spelled out (e.g. dollars).

Examples:
The defense bill contained five billion dollars for the Arrow missile defense program.
Great Britain spent only twenty-five million pounds on homeland security in 1994.

When appropriate, currency amounts should be indicated by the currency symbol. Appropriate circumstances include tables, figures and the like.

Examples:

Table 1: Money Spent on Homeland Security in Millions in 1994
United States	US$413
United Kingdom	UK£25

Acronyms:

Acronyms should be spelled out on the first usage, followed by the acronym in parentheses.

Example: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in 1949. Since then NATO has stood ready to defend Europe against invaders.

Titles (of Positions, Offices, Organizations, etc.):

See Chapter 8, Chicago, for more on names.
For People:

Capitalize a title or position if it precedes the person’s name but not if it used as a descriptive tag.

Example:
President Clinton spoke to the Council on Foreign Relations, yesterday.
Bill Clinton, the former president of the United States, issued a statement on debt relief.
For Organizations:

Capitalize the full name but not a generic one:

Example:
Capitalize—The Communist Party, the Clinton administration, the Bolivian government, etc.
Lower case—the party, the war, the corporation, etc.

Foreign Words:

Italicize foreign words that are not in a standard dictionary of the English language.

Example:
The casus belli was a telegram sent to Carlos Aguirre.

Proper words in a foreign language are not italicized:

Example: the Qur’an, Al Qaeda, Basque, etc.

Quotations:

If a quote takes up more than two lines it should be formed into a block quote.
Block quotes do not have quotation marks around them, but non-block quotes do.
Block quotes need to be indented .5 on each side and put in 10pt font.
If the block quote appears in the middle of a paragraph remember that the next line in the paragraph after the quotation should not be tabbed in.

Footnotes:

Footnotes serve to provide additional information that is relevant, but not germane to the presented argument. Their inclusion should not be taken as a replacement for academic argumentation within the body of the article.

Footnotes are not the proper place for substantive discussion, nor should they contain critique or debate other scholars.
The length of notes should be kept to minimum.

References:

References serve two vital functions: they give proper credit for ideas, facts, arguments, and words presented elsewhere, and they enable interested readers to examine the original sources. The latter is a fundamental aspect of science, namely, the ability to replicate research. With this aim, editors should attempt to ensure clarity and enable readers to locate original source material. Whenever appropriate, the names of the authors should be used in the text rather than a general reference.
Example:
“Michele Foucault presents…” (Foucault 1995) rather than “A postmodern theorist shows….”
References should be provided in text as parenthetical citations rather than as notes. When appropriate, a note should contain a parenthetical citation in the same form as the rest of the text.

Parenthetical references should come before terminal punctuation marks.
Examples:
Societies with a per capita income of US$3,000 or more are immune from coup attempts (Huntington 1995, 15).

Rationalist and constructivist research programs should be viewed as complimentary rather than competing (Fearon and Wendt 2002).
Citations should come after quotation marks but before terminal punctuation.
In addition to rules and practices, institutions contain “the organizational manifestations these patterns or group behavior sometimes take on" (Parsons 2007, 70).

Works Cites:

Journal Articles

Single Author:

Galvan, Dennis C. 2007. "The Social Reproduction of Community-Based Development: Syncretism and Sustainability in a Senegalese Farmers' Association." The Journal of Modern African Studies, January. 45 (1): 61-88.

Multiple Authors:

Goldstein, Judith, Miles Kahler, Robert O. Keohane, and Anne-Marie Slaughter. 2000. "Introduction: Legalization and World Politics." International Organization, Summer. 54 (3): 385-400.

Book

Single Author:

Aguirre, Carlos. 2005. The Criminals of Lima and Their Worlds: The Prison Experience, 1850-1935, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Multiple Authors:

King, Gary, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Book Chapter/Section

Aguirre, Carlos. 2007. "Prisons and Prisoners in Modernising Latin America (1800-1940)." In Cultures of Confinement: A History of the Prison in Africa, Asia and Latin America, edited by Frank Dikötter and Ian Brown. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 14-54.

Edited Book

Single Editor:

Tilly, Charles ed. 1975. The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Multiple Editors:

Katznelson, Ira, and Helen V. Milner, eds. 2002. Political Science: State of the Discipline, New York, NY: W.W. Norton.

Translated Book

Weber, Max. 1949. Max Weber on the Methodology of the Social Sciences. edited by Edward Shils and Henry A. Finch. Translated by Edward Shils and Henry A. Finch. 1st ed, Glencoe, Ill.,: Free Press.

Newspaper

Prial, Frank J. 1981. Interpol Defends Its Role in Apprehension of Turk. The New York Times, May 16, Sec. 1, p. 5.

Conference Paper

Cleveland, Clayton J. 2005. Democratic Diffusion: The Spread of International Norms in Central and Eastern Europe. Paper presented at The 46th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, March 5, 2005, in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Dissertations/Theses

Carpenter, R. Charli. 2003. "Innocent Women and Children": Gender, Norms and the Protection of Civilians. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Political Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR.

Internet/Online

Börzel, Tanja A., and Thomas Risse. 2000. "When Europe Hits Home: Europeanization and Domestic Change." European Integration Online Papers, 4 (15), Available from http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2000-015a.htm.

International Bodies

World Trade Organization. 1996. Annual Report, Geneva, Switzerland: WTO.

Database

Banks, Arthur S. 1999. Cross-National Time Series Data Archive. Computer Solutions Unlimited, Accessed April 17, 2005.

University of Oregon ISSN 1940-4956