motivation --> drive

emotion --> expression

Basic emotions (across cultures):

Happiness

Anger

Sadness

Disgust

Fear

Other candidates: Suprise, Shame, Interest

Basic, yes - but culture still shapes emotions:

1. Culturally specific emotions:

schadenfreude (German) - pleasure at someone else's misfortune

omoiyari (Japanese) - understanding unexpressed feelings, desires, and thoughts of others and doing something for them on the basis of this understanding

2. Elfenbein & Ambady (2003) - recognize emotions in people from our own culture better than in people from other cultures.

3. Display rules -- what is considered appropriate expression of emotions, vary across culture

Adaptive reason for predominantly negative basic emotions?

Positive emotions?

- awe

- forgiveness

- hope

James-Lange theory of emotion:

1. stimulus

2. physiological response (bodily changes) to stimulus

3. interpretation of bodily changes produces emotion

Criticisms of James-Lange theory:

- Not a unique physiological response for each emotion

- Organs of body can't produce "shades" of emotion

- Body reaction too slow -- emotion perceived faster than body reacts

- Physical changes alone don't produce powerful emotions

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion:
1. stimulus leads simultaneously to:

2. cog. appraisal & 3. physio state

Schachter & Singer (1962) -- two component theory of emotion:

arousal plus label

misattribution of arousal -- attributing arousal to wrong source

Role of appraisal in emotion -- not just event, but our PERCEPTION of event that causes emotions.

Practice Question!
William is a proponent of the James-Lange theory of emotion. Which of the following research findings would he be most unhappy to hear?

a. Different emotions produce different patterns of arousal.

b. Quadriplegic patients, with no feeling below the neck, still feel emotion.

c. People whose organs react faster to stimuli also show faster emotional response.

stress: pattern of responses an organism makes to stimulus events that disturb its equilibrium and tax or exceed its ability to cope

health psychology - integrated, interdisciplinary field that explores psychological, life style factors, and physiological responses that affect health.

stressors: stimulus events that cause stress.

eustress - "good" stress

distress - "bad" stress

Practice Question!

Which of the following is true?

a. Stressors and stress are basically the same thing

b. The same stressors can cause eustress and distress

c. Although eustress feels better than distress, both ultimately lead to bad outcomes

d. All of the above are true

Selye's General Adaption Syndrome

Stage 1: alarm reaction

Cannon's "fight or flight"

Taylor's "tend and befriend"

Support for tend & befriend hypothesis:

1) In past studies, fight or flight pattern was more pronounced in men than women.

2) Androgens (male hormones) are important in fight option; lower levels of androgens in men than women.

3) Oxytocin - "calming" hormone that inhibits flee response - present in higher levels in women than men.

Speculation about adaptiveness of tend & befriend strategy for women:

Women not fleeing or fighting may have helped protect offspring

Women who were pregnant or lactating (breast-feeding) may not have survived fight or flight

Women's survival advantages may be tied to being socially well-connected - particularly in surviving against bigger, faster males.

Selye's Stage 2: resistance

Selye's Stage 3: exhaustion

Exposed to cold virus? Only 20-60% get sick

Cohen, Tyrrell, & Smith: Stress and cold immunity

Possibility that something else was causing both higher stress levels AND increased cold risk?

Practice Question!

In Cohen, Tyrrell, and Smith's studies examining the relationship between stress and colds, all of the following are true except:

a. Everyone got nose drops

b. Among those exposed to cold virus, those reporting higher stress were more likely to acquire colds

c. Unhealthy people may have reported higher levels of stress

d. People were randomly assigned to stress level condition

Stress - not inherent in stimulus

Interaction among:

- stimulus

- person perceiving stimulus

- resources available to that person.

Coping - individual's attempts to deal with stress

Seligman and learned helplessness:

pattern of non-response to a noxious stimuli following experience of exposure to noncontigent, inescapable aversive stimuli; state where we perceive no control over our fate and thus no longer try to take control.

Dogs with no control over shocks stopped trying to avoid them

Taylor -- breast cancer patients with perceived control had better outlook, and possibly even better recovery.

Schulz (1976) - control of nursing home visits led to happier, healthier elderly

Informational control

Miller & Mangan (1983)

"Monitors" and "Blunters"

Reducing stress: exercise --

1) reduces muscle tension.

2) linked to the release of endogenous opiates, or endorphins.

Pennabaker

helpful effects of disclosure about traumatic events

Advantages:

fewer visits to health center

fewer reported illnesses

fewer missed days due to illness

higher levels of immune cells