1. What are the various ways expectations influence what we see that are identified by Postman & Bruner in their study?

2. Distinguish between the cognitive and motivational elements of expectations.

3. Can you think of an example of when your perceptions have been influenced by expectations and/or desires? Why is it hard to come up with such examples? How did you come to know that your expectations had influenced your perception?

4. Is cognitive dissonance more an example of people seeing what they expect to see or what they want to see? What about self-perception theory?